Abstract: Oil and gas resources in Northwest China as the lifeblood of the national economy and resources play an important role in national energy security. However, "carbon neutral" and "emission peak" brings about systemic changes in the economy and society including the dramatic adjustment of energy structure. The geological work of petroleum resources in Northwest China is faced with the dual challenges of ensuring national energy security and realizing the adjustment of energy structure. In this paper, the history of oil and gas resource investigation in Northwest China is reviewed and the rules of resource accumulation in major petroliferous basins are summarized. The latest progress of public work is highlighted, such as the geological survey of petroleum resources in the Yin'e Basin and the survey of helium resources in Weihe Basin. Suggestions of the public survey are provided about multi-energy comprehensive investigation and evaluation in the 14^th five-year Plan.