Abstract: The development and utilization of mineral resources is an important material basis for economic and social development. The geological environment of mines has dual attributes of resources and environment. The coordinated protection of mineral resources development and geological environment is an important way to realize the protection of mountains and mountains. The development and utilization of important mineral resources for development is an important material basis for the sustainable development of human society. The metallogenic geological conditions in Northwest China are good, and the development of mineral resources has played a pivotal role in regional economic and social development. However, the northwest region is arid and less rainy, lacks water resources, and has a fragile ecological environment. There are prominent and structural contradictions between the development of mineral resources and the protection of the ecological environment. The development of invaluable assets under the premise of protecting lucid waters and lush mountains has become an important proposition for the high-quality and sustainable development of the mining industry. This paper reviews the theoretical research on the prevention and control of mine geological environment in Northwest China, exploration of survey and evaluation methods, typical survey results, transformation and application of results in the past 20 years, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions for the current problems in mine ecological protection. The study provides reference for the investigation and prevention of mine geological environment in ecologically fragile areas.